2.2 Difficulties with current data

While the dowry is actually lawfully banned during the India and you will Bangladesh, somebody always hesitate to inform you particular dowry amounts. The product quality matter towards dowry about Indian dataset asks about community-depending dowry. Including, the new Asia Individual Invention Survey asks “Basically in the area getting a family group such as your, what are the brand of things that are given since gift suggestions during the time of the fresh daughter’s matrimony?” A community-established dowry is not necessarily the same as an individual dowry, which is paid down by the bride’s mothers during relationship. Instead, practical question out of dowry allows just a digital address, i.elizabeth., even when an optimistic number of dowry try repaid (elizabeth.grams., Survey towards the Condition of women and you will Fertility in Asia and you will Pakistan). A digital answer, naturally, doesn’t render much more info. The norm away from whether or not an optimistic dowry amount is provided corresponds to help you, that is largely told me because of the, cultural, spiritual, and you will status backgrounds from inside the South China.

Since the dowry isn’t legally banned in Pakistan, the amount privately repaid of the feminine respondent’s parents will likely be asked instead of reservation in the a good Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Outlying Household Survey. In the event Pakistani interviewees might not purposefully hide genuine details about dowry strategies, the fresh new questionnaire can get however consist of recall problems just like the respondents have to recall this new dowry count paid off from the the parents previously. Shape 1a plots the new forecast quantity of genuine dowry viewpoints counted in Pakistani Rupees for the 2004 on to relationships seasons using data regarding the Pakistan Outlying Home Survey. While the consensus is that genuine dowry amounts was increasing, or at least exhibit a non-declining pattern, the newest shape suggests the general desire from keep in mind errors. Quite simply, this new prolonged the newest gap between your interviewees’ matrimony together with recall day, the more likely he or she is to overestimate the fresh new dowry matter.

Relationships anywhere between ladies ounts. The latest range reveals the latest predict real level of dowry regressed toward ladies relationship year. The brand new shaded area shows 95% confidence interval of the forecast amount of dowry. The information and knowledge types of (a) and (b) is actually Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire 2004, and rural domestic survey held by writer in 2013, respectively

step three Research

To your best of our very own education, studies obtained inside analysis will be the earliest to adopt clearly an over-all tendency to overestimate an expense paid off lengthy ago. Just like the services out of in earlier times built-up studies, ours are also retrospective; however, based on that it desire, i eg followed certain work to minimize questionnaire remember problems. Instance, i required the degree of one another area-centered dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry number paid back during the latest respondent’s relationship (retrospective). Due to the fact Pakistani dowry contains gold/accessories, clothes, chairs, cooking equipment, and so on, i queried dowry quantity from the product. When we believed a good respondent’s overestimation of your dowry number, particularly in the truth out-of a married relationship one to taken place good while in the past, because dowry try exhibited, we are able to and you may performed glance at these types of quantity with people that attended new ceremony. For that reason, all of our analysis on forecast genuine amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not tell you one decreasing pattern, alternatively with those people claimed for the Fig. 1a.

step three.1 Questionnaire

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999 https://internationalwomen.net/da/ghana-kvinder/, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).